Abstract Fusarium spp. has been associated with a broad spectrum of emerging infections collectively termed fusariosis. This review includes articles published between 2005 and 2018 that describe the characteristics, clinical management, incidence, and emergence of these fungal infections. Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum are globally distributed and represent the most common complexes. Few therapeutic options exist due to intrinsic resistance, especially for the treatment of invasive fusariosis. Therefore, the use of drug combinations could be an important alternative for systemic antifungal resistance. Increase in the number of case reports on invasive fusariosis between 2005 and 2018 is evidence of the emergence of this fungal infection.

Resumo Resíduos oriundos de atividades humanas podem atingir corpos d'água e contribuir significativamente para a presença de populações bacterianas resistentes a antibióticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar populações de bactérias cultiváveis resistentes a antibióticos em uma lagoa costeira impactada por atividades como agricultura e urbanização. Amostras de água foram coletadas nos períodos de baixa e alta temporada e caracterizadas quanto a variáveis físico-químicas, indicadores microbiológicos e presença de resíduos de antimicrobianos. Para analisar a presença de populações bacterianas resistentes, as amostras foram crescidas na presença de ácido nalidíxico, ceftazidima, imipenem e tetraciclina. Genes de resistencia a β-lactamicos (bla CTX-M-like, bla GES-like, bla OXA-51, bla OXA-23-like,bla SHV-like, bla TEM-like and bla SPM-1), de classe I integron e sistemas de efluxo (tetA, tetB, acrA, acrB, tolC, adeA, adeB, adeR, adeS, mexB, mexD, mexF and mexY) foram analisados por amplificação in vitro. Embora não tenham sido encontrados níveis detectáveis de residuos de antimicrobianos nas amostras, bactérias resistentes estavam presentes em quase todos os pontos, em ambas as estações e para todos os antimicrobianos avaliados. A presença de populações bacterianas resistentes observada foi positivamente correlacionada aos efeitos da urbanização na Lagoa. Algumas populações resistentes foram ainda maiores na baixa temporada, indicando a importância de avaliar sistematicamente a resistência a antibióticos em corpos d'água.

Abstract Wastes arising from human activities can reach water bodies and contribute significantly to the presence of antibiotic resistant bacterial populations in aquatic environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cultivable antibiotic resistant bacterial populations from a coastal lagoon impacted by agriculture and urbanization activities. Water samples were collected in low and peak season and characterized regarding physicochemical variables, microbiological indicators and the presence of antimicrobial residues. In order to analyze the presence of resistant bacterial populations, the samples were grown in the presence of nalidixic acid, ceftazidime, imipenem and tetracycline. Genes associated with β-lactamic resistance (bla CTX-M-like, bla GES-like, bla OXA-51, bla OXA-23-like, bla SHV-like, bla TEM-like and bla SPM-1), class I integron and efflux systems (tetA, tetB, acrA, acrB, tolC, adeA, adeB, adeR, adeS, mexB, mexD, mexF and mexY) were analyzed by conventional in vitro amplification. Although antimicrobials residues were below the detection limit, resistant bacteria and resistance determinants - bla GES, class I integron, adeS, acrA, acrB, tolC, mexB, mexF - were present at almost all points, in both seasons and for all antimicrobials assessed. The high numbers of resistant bacteria counts observed after the antibiotic treatment were positively correlated to the urbanization effects on the Lagoon. Some resistant populations were even higher in the low season samples, indicating the importance of a systematic evaluation of antibiotic resistance on water resources.